The world of purebred dogs is governed by breed standards – detailed descriptions of the ideal physical characteristics for each recognized breed. These standards are set by kennel clubs and breed associations, and they play a central role in shaping the direction of breeding programs around the world.

However, over time, many breed standards have evolved to favor increasingly exaggerated features. Take the Pekingese for example: The Pekingese Club of America describes the breed’s ideal muzzle as “black, very short, broad and flat, not pointed; wrinkle on each side of a black, broad, and very short nose.”

The pursuit of these exaggerated features has had serious consequences for the health of many breeds. In some cases, the very characteristics that are rewarded in the show ring are the same ones that cause suffering for the dogs themselves.

A comparison of breed appearances over time reveals a striking trend towards more extreme features in many breeds. The Bulldog of today, with its heavily wrinkled skin, flat face, and barrel chest, bears little resemblance to the athletic, functional dog of the 19th century. Similarly, the German Shepherd Dog has transformed from a medium-sized, square-built herding dog to a sloping, angular show dog prone to hip dysplasia.

In response to growing concerns about the health impacts of extreme breeding, some kennel clubs have introduced breed-specific health requirements. These may include screening tests for genetic disorders, respiratory function exams for brachycephalic breeds, or evaluation of hip and elbow joints for large breed dogs.

While these health tests can help identify individual dogs with breeding-related health issues, they do little to address the underlying problem of breed standards that prioritize appearance over function and well-being. Many critics argue that more fundamental changes are needed, including a re-evaluation of breed standards to emphasize health, moderation, and the ability to perform the tasks for which the breed was originally developed.

Ultimately, the responsibility for the health and welfare of purebred dogs lies with breeders, breed clubs, and kennel club organizations. By working together to shift the focus away from extreme features and towards the overall health and functionality of the dogs, these groups have the power to shape a better future for the breeds they steward.